简介
standard solution
配製方法
配製方法有两种，一种是直接法，即準确称量基準物质，溶解后定容至一定体积;另一种是标定法，即先配製成近似需要的浓度，再用基準物质或用标準溶液来进行标定。
已知準确浓度的溶液，在容量分析中用作滴定剂，以滴定被测物质。
如果试剂符合基準物质的要求 (组成与化学式相符、纯度高、稳定)，可以直接配製标準溶液，即準确称出适量的基準物质，溶解后配製在一定体积的容量瓶内。可由下式计算应称取的基準物质的重量W:W=ΜV·基準物质的摩尔质量。式中Μ和V分别为所需配製的溶液的摩尔浓度和体积。利用上式可计算出标準溶液的浓度。
如果试剂不符合基準物质的要求，则先配成近似于所需浓度的溶液，然后再用基準物质準确地测定其浓度，这个过程称为溶液的标定。
详细说明
已知準确浓度的溶液,在容量分析中用作滴定剂,以滴定被测物质。
如果试剂符合基準物质的要求 (组成与化学式相符、纯度高、稳定)，可以直接配製标準溶液,即準确称出适量的基準物质，溶解后配製在一定体积的容量瓶内。可由下式计算应称取的基準物质的重量W: W=ΜV·基準物质的摩尔质量
式中Μ和V分别为所需配製的溶液的摩尔浓度和体积。利用上式可计算出标準溶液的浓度,例如称取1.480克基準物质重铬酸钾，在250毫升容量瓶内配成溶液,重铬酸钾溶液的摩尔浓度为:(图1)如果试剂不符合基準物质的要求，则先配成近似于所需浓度的溶液，然后再用基準物质準确地测定其浓度，这个过程称为溶液的标定。例如氢氧化钠容易吸收二氧化碳和水，难以提纯，为了配製氢氧化钠标準溶液，只需粗略称出氢氧化钠的重量，把它溶解在蒸馏水中，稀释至所需体积，然后用邻苯二甲酸氢钾为基準物质标定氢氧化钠溶液。例如称出0.4985克邻苯二甲酸氢钾，标定时消耗 24.02毫升氢氧化钠溶液。已知邻苯二甲酸氢钾的摩尔质量为204.2,则氢氧化钠溶液的摩尔浓度为:(图2)
图1标準溶液研製单位
标準溶液有进口标準溶液和国内标準溶液之分，国内的标準溶液有钢铁研究总院(北京纳克分析仪器有限公司)，国家标物中心;国外进口的有美国标準局(NIST)和美国加联等单位。 其中以美国标準局(NIST)的标準溶液权威性最高，国内标準溶液应与之进行比对溯源后，方可使用
国内无机元素标準溶液一览表
编号 | 元素符号 | 浓度 | 规格 | 介质 |
GSBG62001-90 | 锂Li | 1000ppm | 50mL | 10%HCl |
GSBG62002-90 | 铍Be | 1000ppm | 50mL | 10%HNO3 |
GSBG62003-90 | 硼B | 1000ppm | 50mL | H2O |
GSBG62004-90 | 钠Na | 1000ppm | 50mL | H2O |
GSBG62005-90 | 镁Mg | 1000ppm | 50mL | 5%HCl |
GSBG62006-90 | 铝Al | 1000ppm | 50mL | 10%HCl |
GSBG62007-90 | 硅Si | 500ppm | 50mL | 1%Na2CO3 |
GSBG62008-90 | 磷P | 1000ppm | 50mL | H2O |
GSBG62009-90 | 磷P | 1000ppm | 50mL | H2O |
GSBG62010-90 | 硫S | 1000ppm | 50mL | H2O |
GSBG62011-90 | 钾K | 1000ppm | 50mL | H2O |
GSBG62012-90 | 钙Ca | 1000ppm | 50mL | 5%HCl |
GSBG62013-90 | 钪Sc | 1000ppm | 50mL | 10%HNO3 |
GSBG62014-90 | 钛Ti | 1000ppm | 50mL | 10%H2SO4 |
GSBG62015-90 | 钒V | 1000ppm | 50mL | 10%H2SO4 |
GSBG62016-90 | 钒V | 1000ppm | 50mL | 10%HCl |
GSBG62017-90 | 铬Cr | 1000ppm | 50mL | 10%HCl |
GSBG62018-90 | 锰Mn | 1000ppm | 50mL | 5%H2SO4 |
GSBG62019-90 | 锰Mn | 1000ppm | 50mL | 10%HNO3 |
GSBG62020-90 | 铁Fe | 1000ppm | 50mL | 10%HCl |
GSBG62021-90 | 钴Co | 1000ppm | 50mL | 5%HNO3 |
GSBG62022-90 | 镍Ni | 1000ppm | 50mL | 5%HNO3 |
GSBG62023-90 | 铜Cu | 1000ppm | 50mL | 5%H2SO4 |
GSBG62024-90 | 铜Cu | 1000ppm | 50mL | 10%HCl |
GSBG62025-90 | 锌Zn | 1000ppm | 50mL | 10%HCl |
混标
美国加联提供单标和混标标準溶液，介质都是水质、硝酸、盐酸等
Element元素 | Source, Purity, Matrix | Cat. No.编号 |
Aluminum(铝) | Al metal, 99.999%, 2% HNO3 Al metal, 99.999%, 2% HCl | WPS-10001-1 WPS-10001-2 |
Antimony(锑) | Sb metal, 99.999%, 10%HCl Sb metal, 99.999%, 5% HNO3+Trace HF | WPS-10002-2 WPS-10002-3 |
Arsenic(砷) | As metal, 99.999%,2% HNO3 As metal, 99.999%, 2% HCl As2O3 as As,99.999%, 2%HCL As metal as As,99.999%, 2%NaOH | WPS-10003-1 WPS-10003-2 WPS-10003-6 WPS-10003-7 |
Barium(钡) | BaCO3, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 BaCO3, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-10004-1 WPS-10004-2 |
Beryllium(铍) | Be metal, 99.5%, 2%HNO3 Be metal 99.5%, 2%HCl | WPS-10005-1 WPS-10005-2 |
Bismuth(铋) | Bi metal, 99.999%, 2%HNO3 Bi metal, 99.999%, 2%HCl | WPS-10006-1 WPS-10006-2 |
Boron(硼) | H3BO3, 99.99%, H2O | WPS-10007-4 |
Cadmium(镉) | Cd metal, 99.999%, 2%HNO3 Cd metal, 99.999%, 2%HCl | WPS-10008-1 WPS-10008-2 |
Calcium(钙) | CaCO3, 99.99+%, 2% HNO3 CaCO3, 99.99+%, 2% HCl | WPS-10009-1 WPS-10009-2 |
Carbon(碳) | Na2C2O4, 99.9+%, H2O | WPS-100071-4 |
Cerium(铈) | CeO2, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 CeO2, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100010-1 WPS-100010-2 |
Cesium(锶) | Cs2CO3, 99.99%, 1% HNO3 Cs2CO3, 99.99%, 1% HCl | WPS-100011-1 WPS-100011-2 |
Chromium(铬) | Cr metal, 99.999%, 2% HNO3 Cr metal, 99.999%, 2% HCl Cr metal as Cr+3,99.999%, 2%HCl K2Cr2o as Cr,99.998%, H2O | WPS-100012-1 WPS-100012-2 WPS-100012-6 WPS-100012-7 |
Cobalt(钴) | Co metal, 99.998%, 2% HNO3 Co metal, 99.998%, 2%HCl | WPS-100013-1 WPS-100013-2 |
Copper(铜) | Cu metal, 99.999%, 2% HNO3 Cu metal, 99.999%, 2%HCl | WPS-100014-1 WPS-100014-2 |
Dysprosium(镝) | Dy2O3, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Dy2O3, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100015-1 WPS-100015-2 |
Erbium(铒) | Er2O3, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Er2O3, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100016-1 WPS-100016-2 |
Europium(铕) | Eu2O3, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Eu2O3, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100017-1 WPS-100017-2 |
Gadolinium(釓) | Gd2O3, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Gd2O3, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100018-1 WPS-100018-2 |
Gallium(镓) | Ga metal, 99.999%, 2% HNO3 Ga metal, 99.999%, 2% HCl | WPS-100019-1 WPS-100019-2 |
Germanium(锗) | (NH4)2 GeF5, 99.99%, 1% HNO3 Ge metal, 99.999%, 5% Oxalic Acid | WPS-100020-1 WPS-100020-5 |
Gold(金) | Au metal, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100021-2 |
Hafnium(铪) | Hf metal, 99.9%, 2% HNO3 +0.5%HF | WPS-100022-3 |
Holmium(鈥) | Ho2O3, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Ho2O3, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100023-1 WPS-100023-2 |
Indium(铟) | In metal, 99.999%, 2% HNO3 In metal, 99.999%, 2% HCl | WPS-100024-1 WPS-100024-2 |
Iridium(铱) | (NH4) 3IrCl6, 99.998%,10%HCl,100mL | WPS-100025-2 |
Iron(铁) | Fe metal, 99.999,2% HNO3 Fe metal, 99.999,2% HCl | WPS-100026-1 WPS-100026-2 |
Lanthanum(镧) | La2O3, 99.999%, 2% HNO3 La2O3, 99.999%, 2% HCl | WPS-100027-1 WPS-100027-2 |
Lead(铅) | Pb metal, 99.995%, 2% HNO3 Pb metal, 99.995%, 2% HCl | WPS-100028-1 WPS-100028-2 |
Lithium(锂) | Li2CO3, 99.995%, 2% HNO3 LiCl, 99.999%, 1% HCl Li2CO3, 99.5%, 1% HNO3 | WPS-100029-1 WPS-100029-2 WPS-100029-6l |
Lutetium(鑥) | Lu2O3.99.99%, 2% HNO3 Lu2O3.99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100030-1 WPS-100030-2 |
Magnesium(镁) | Mg metal.99.99%, 2% HNO3 Mg metal.99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100031-1 WPS-100031-2 |
Manganese(锰) | Mn metal, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Mn metal, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100032-1 WPS-100032-2 |
Mercury(汞) | Hg metal, 99.998%, 2% HNO3 | WPS-100033-1 |
Molybdenum(钼) | Mo metal, 99.999%, 2%HCl Mo metal, 99.999%, 2% HNO3+HF (NH4) 2 MoO4, 99.999%, H2O | WPS-100034-2 WPS-100034-3 WPS-100034-4 |
Neodymium(钕) | Nd2O3, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Nd2O3, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100035-1 WPS-100035-2 |
Nickel(镍) | Ni metal, 99.999%, 2% HNO3 Ni metal, 99.999%, 2% HCl | WPS-100036-1 WPS-100036-2 |
Niobium(铌) | Nb metal, 99.99%, 2% HNO3+0.5%HF | WPS-100037-3 |
Osmium(锇) | (NH4) 2 OsCl6, 99.996%, 10%HCl, 100mL | WPS-100070-2 |
Palladium(钯) | Pd metal, 99.99%, 5% HNO3 Pd metal, 99.99%, 5% HCl | WPS-100038-1 WPS-100038-2 |
Phosphorus(磷) | (NH4) H2PO4, 99.95%, 0.05%, HNO3 | WPS-100039-1 |
Platinum(铂) | Pt metal, 99.99%, 5%HCl | WPS-100040-2 |
Potassium(钾) | KNO3, 99.999%, 1% HNO3 KCl, 99.99%, 1%HCl | WPS-100041-1 WPS-100041-2 |
Praseodymium(鐠) | Pr6O11, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Pr6O11, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100042-1 WPS-100042-2 |
Rhenium(铼) | Re metal, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Re metal, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100043-1 WPS-100043-2 |
Rhodium(铑) | (NH4) 3 RhCl6, 99.99%, 10%HCl,100mL | WPS-100044-2 |
Rubidium(铷) | RbNO3, 99.95%, 2% HNO3 RbCl, 99.95%, 2%HCl | WPS-100045-1 WPS-100045-2 |
Ruthenium(钌) | (NH4) 2RuCl6, 99.99%, 10%HCl,100mL | WPS-100046-2 |
Samarium(钐) | Sm2O3, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Sm2O3, 99.99%,2% HCl | WPS-100047-1 WPS-100047-2 |
Scandium(钪) | Sc2O3, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Sc2O3, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100048-1 WPS-100048-2 |
Selenium(硒) | Se metal, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Se metal, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100049-1 WPS-100049-2 |
Silicon(硅) | Na2SiO3, 99.99%, H2O (NH4) 2SiF6, 99.99%H2O | WPS-100050-4 WPS-100050-4F |
Silver(银) | Ag metal, 99.999%, 2% HNO3 | WPS-100051-1 |
Sodium(钠) | NaNO3, 99.99%, 1% HNO3 NaCl, 99.98%, 1%HCl | WPS-100052-1 WPS-100052-2 |
Strontium | SrCO3, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 SrCO3, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100053-1 WPS-100053-2 |
Sulfur(硫) | H2SO4, 99.999%, H2O | WPS-100054-5 |
Tantalum(钽) | Ta metal, 99.99%, 2% HNO3+0.5%HF | WPS-100055-3 |
Tellurium(碲) | Te metal, 99.99%, 2%HCl Te metal, 99.99%, 2% HNO3+0.2%HF | WPS-100056-2 WPS-100056-3 |
Terbium(鋱) | Tb4O7, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Tb4O7, 99.99%,2% HCl | WPS-100057-1 WPS-100057-2 |
Thallium(铊) | Ti metal, 99.999%, 2% HNO3 | WPS-100058-1 |
Thorium(钍) | ThO2, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 ThO2, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100059-1 WPS-100059-2 |
Thulium(銩) | Tm2O3, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 Tm2O3, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100060-1 WPS-100060-2 |
Tin(锡) | Sn metal, 99.998%, 20%HCl Sn metal, 99.998%, 2% HNO3+0.5%HF | WPS-100061-2 WPS-100061-3 |
Titanium(钛) | Ti metal, 99.99%, 20%HCl Ti metal, 99.99%, 2% HNO3+0.1%HF | WPS-100062-2 WPS-100062-3 |
Tungsten(钨) | W metal, 99.99%, 5% HNO3+0.5%HF | WPS-100063-3 |
Uranium | U3O8, 99.968%, 2% HNO3 | WPS-100064-1 |
Vanadium(钒) | NH2VO3, 99.99%, 2% HNO3 NH4VO3, 99.99%, 2% HCl | WPS-100065-1 WPS-100065-2 |
Ytterbium(镱) | Yb2O3, 99.99,2% HNO3 Yb2O3, 99.99,2% HCl | WPS-100066-1 WPS-100066-2 |
Yttrium(钇) | Y2O3, 99.99,2% HNO3 Y2O3, 99.99,2% HCl | WPS-100067-1 WPS-100067-2 |
Zinc(锌) | Zn metal, 99.999%, 2% HNO3 Zn metal, 99.999%, 2% HCl | WPS-100068-1 WPS-100068-2 |
Zirconium(锆) | Zr metal, 99.84%, 2% HNO3+0.5%HF | WPS-100069-3 |
